Throughout the manuscript, the optimum thresholds of 2.3, 2.7 and 1.5 were used for T1w, T2w, and EPC, respectively. Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS) are brain perivascular spaces containing perforating arteries. G.B. & Wardlaw, J. M. Cerebral perivascular spaces visible on magnetic resonance imaging: development of a qualitative rating scale and its observer reliability. Our approach focuses on enhancing the contrast of the PVS by combining T1w and T2w images and was optimized for 3T MRI, which is more accessible in comparison with 7T MRI. Therefore, a technique that could benefit from the existing data could be valuable. 2023 Feb 27:2023.02.24.529871. doi: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529871. Imaging 23, 246255 (2004). Fourth, the reliability of the PVS automated quantification was assessed using scan-rescan MRI data. Neuroimage 62, 774781 (2012). The Virchow-Robin spaces: delineation by magnetic resonance imaging with considerations on anatomofunctional implications The V-R spaces may be essential for drainage routes of cerebral metabolites, additional buoyancy for the brain, and maintenance of homogenous intracranial pressure. With the added visibility of PVS comes the challenge of counting and mapping, as the visual rating becomes extremely laborious. Essen, D. C. V. et al. Sled, J. G., Zijdenbos, A. P. & Evans, A. C. A nonparametric method for automatic correction of intensity nonuniformity in MRI data. MR images show marked dilatation of perivascular spaces (Virchow-Robin) that involved basal ganglia (thalami and lenticular nuclei) without associated mass effect. Msage Mine, Saint-Pierre-de-Msage, Grenoble, Isre, Auvergne-Rhne Van de Moortele et al. Therefore, the subtraction of a dilated mask of ventricles from the PVS mask was applied to exclude the periventricular voxels and remove the incorrectly segmented PVS at the lateral ventricles-white matter boundary. This novel method, which can be easily applied to a number of MRI datasets, aims to overcome the limitations of current MRI sequences in PVS detection and quantitative analysis. Perivascular (Virchow-Robin) spaces normally surround perforating arteries that enter the medial temporal lobes, corpus striatum, and thalamus. PubMed Rawal S, Croul SE, Willinsky RA et-al. Tarasoff-Conway, J. M. et al. Walter E, Scott M. The life and work of Rudolf Virchow 1821-1902: "Cell theory, thrombosis and the sausage duel". Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Lins concordance correlation44 was used to determine the concordance between the two raters.