The limits of discretion vary from State to State and locality to locality. The primary actor is often, but not always, the actor who triggers the use case. More specifically,42 U.S. Code, Section 1983provides a civil cause of action against the person responsible. The U.S. corrections system stands alone as the largest system of its type in the world. In some jurisdictions, juvenile offenders may be classified as youthful offenders which can lead to extended sentences. Which minority has the largest representation on benches of state court? At the initial appearance, the judge or magistrate informs the accused of the charges and decides whether there is probable cause to detain the accused person. It is comprised of government bureaus, private agencies, and overarching policies that all work together to maintain order in our communities. The circuit court decision remains final unless the case is sent back for trial or legal parties seek an appeal with the U.S. Supreme Court by filing a petition for a "writ of certiorari" -- simply put, a request for judicial review. A guilty or no contest plea means the defendant receives a sentence without going through the trial process. If the plea is accepted, no trial is held and the offender is sentenced at this proceeding or at a later date. The Coast Guard also reports to the DHS, except in times of war when its assignments transfer to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). For example, individuals may face limitations on where they can live and travel, requirements to hold steady employment or attend school, and/or requirements to attend therapy or rehab. In some States and at the Federal level under certain circumstances, prosecutors have the discretion to either file criminal charges against juveniles directly in criminal courts or proceed through the juvenile justice process. U.S. attorneys are appointed by, and serve at the discretion of, the __________, with the advice and consent of the Senate. Juvenile courts usually have jurisdiction over matters concerning children, including delinquency, neglect, and adoption. Other continuances were granted because of the illness of the police investigator. This is where Section 1983 comes into play, as it creates rights under federal lawto initiate lawsuitsagainst states and their agents. Although a high school diploma and police academy training may meet minimum job requirements, some departments prefer applicants with a college degree. Alternatively, if a prosecutor decides to file formal charges, they determine the severity of the alleged crime (e.g., a murder charge versus a manslaughter charge). In disposing of cases, juvenile courts usually have far more discretion than adult courts. Often, the defense counsel is also assigned at the initial appearance. It reviews case documents, files, written briefs, and oral arguments rather than holding a full trial. The primary actor of a use case is the stakeholder that calls on the system to deliver one of its services. Where the grand jury system is used, the grand jury may also investigate criminal activity generally and issue indictments called grand jury originals that initiate criminal cases. punishable by a min. Correct! In both instances the prosecution and defense present evidence by questioning witnesses while the judge decides on issues of law. Professionalism requires a minimum level of training and orientation, which guide officials in making decisions. Criminal cases are brought by the government through the criminal justice system. All rights reserved. If the grand jury finds sufficient evidence, it submits to the court an indictment, a written statement of the essential facts of the offense charged against the accused.